What three things? Cognitive dysfunction – detect, differentiate, optimise

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD) is an increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative syndrome in ageing dogs, yet it remains under-recognised and frequently mistaken for “normal ageing” or other medical conditions. This talk focuses on three practical imperatives for clinicians: detect, differentiate, and optimise. First, we examine how to detect early cognitive decline using structured history-taking, validated screening tools, and awareness of subtle behavioural changes that owners may overlook. Second, we discuss how to differentiate CCD from sensory loss, pain, endocrine disease, neurological disorders, and primary behavioural problems through targeted diagnostics and clinical reasoning. Finally, we outline evidence-based strategies to optimise patient outcomes, including environmental modification, behavioural support, nutritional interventions, pharmacologic options, and caregiver guidance. By reframing CCD as a manageable chronic condition rather than an inevitable consequence of ageing, this session equips veterinary professionals with actionable tools to improve quality of life for both dogs and their owners.